The Study of International Copyright Law

The Study of International Copyright Law Developmental Evaluation One of the best issues which outsiders when all is said in done and remote understudies specifically experience as they get acquainted with the new spot and its conventions and social cooperation is the law and its numerous issues, in particular the copyright law.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Study of International Copyright Law explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Devoting these meetings to showing remote understudies the quirks of the copyright law in the U. S. also, contrasting it with the frameworks of copyright law existing in different nations, one can help individuals to stay away from various upsetting clashes and false impressions. Workhouse Sessions during the time spent the meeting I attempted to assist understudies with speculation all alone, making the correct condition for investigative and basic reasoning. Giving them indicates with the goal that they could get the general thought of the subject, I c ould promote on depend on their criticism and their energetic support. It was of critical significance to drive understudies to the possibility that copyright laws in various nations may shift. As the understudies understood this reality, it was important to drive certain equals with the copyright laws in various nations before continuing to the possibility of the global copyright law. One of the most significant pieces of the exercises was the modification if the material learned in the past meetings, for this helped understudies to follow the distinctions in the copyright law frameworks of various states. Conversations Another significant piece of the meetings was the conversations of the educated material and further advancement of the point. Working in little gatherings, the understudies could recollect the material better and build up their own basic reasoning and deductive capacities. Summative Evaluation One of the quirks of the given meetings would be the way that the unders tudies will have the option to survey the exercises themselves. Such methodology will assist with acquiring most target results and will prompt disposing of any potential false impressions concerning both the material and the picking up sessions.Advertising Looking for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aims Achieved With assistance of a little review which understudies will be given it will be conceivable to acknowledge whether they discover the exercises helpful themselves. In this way, responding to such inquiries as what the significance of the substance to the given student’s individual work was, one will have the option to survey the information got during the course. What's more, the data accumulated will give an honest and target representation of an educator. Criticism Another significant piece of the exercise meetings is the conversation of the material got the hang of during the exe rcise. In discussions and conversations of all parts of the data got the understudies will have the option to build up their abilities to impart; likewise, they will have the option to get familiar with the complicacies of the global copyright law quicker. It merits referencing that such arrangement of learning will likewise build up the students’ capacity to pass on their closely-held conviction concerning significant issues and take the restricting supposition with due regard. Students’ Evaluation One of the parts which the understudies will like is the individual basic assessment of the instructor and the courses all in all. As the understudies give their impressions concerning the manner in which the instructor disclosed the material to them, it will be conceivable to consider the teacher’s come closer from different perspectives. In this way, the understudies will add to the molding of the teacher’s individual experience also. Students’ Ideas and Suggestions It must be additionally remembered that the course was intended to assist understudies with orientating themselves better in the current copyright framework; along these lines, each student’s individual impression of the exercise will be viewed as a significant snippet of data. In this way, with assistance of the second piece of the overview, it will be conceivable to see if the experience was important for the understudies or not. Self-Assessment With assistance of the previously mentioned exercise meetings, the understudies will have the option to acquire further information regarding the matter. To assess the impact that the courses will have on the understudies, it will be important to develop the assessment plan. It appears that the most sensible structure will glance in the accompanying manner: the valuable experience which I acquired during the classes; my own impressions of the understudies and the classes; students’ thoughts of my instructing S ince the exercises will furnish me with the valuable authentic experience which I will use for my further self-improvement, the exercise meetings and the review will furnish me with the data which is generally significant for my expert competency.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Study of International Copyright Law explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More With assistance of the evaluate and the proposals which the understudies will furnish me with, it is conceivable to proceed with the expert turn of events, mulling over the issues which the understudies will direct me toward. Furthermore, it is critical that the study incorporates both the basic assessment of the instructor and the proposals which the understudies can provide for improve the course of the exercises and the methodology of the educator. With assistance of this huge issue it will be conceivable to proceed with self-improvement. It additionally appears to me that the studentsâ€⠄¢ conduct and demeanor towards the learning material will foreordain my thoughts of the workshop and its incentive for me and for them. For whatever length of time that the understudies will discover the meetings intriguing and helpful regarding their insight into outside and worldwide law, it will be certain that the exercises have demonstrated valuable and fascinating for them. This is the students’ experience which will be of vital significance for me.

Making Research Decisions Essay

Part 12 †Discussion Questions (Making Research Decisions) # 5 a Yesâ€Dependsâ€No: One issue would be that â€Å"depends† is ambiguous and doesn’t give reasons regarding why somebody would pick â€Å"no† sooner or later and â€Å"yes† at another. An approach to improve this is include a â€Å"please describe† line or change the wording all together. It is extremely unlikely to communicate â€Å"don’t know† or â€Å"undecided†. b Excellentâ€Goodâ€Fairâ€Poor: One issue with this would be that it might not have as substantial a measure as state a 8 point scale, â€Å"as the quantity of scale focuses builds, the unwavering quality of the measure increments. Second, in certain examinations, scales with 11 focuses may deliver more legitimate outcomes than 3-, 5-, or 7-point scales† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). What might be â€Å"good† to somebody might be â€Å"fair† to another. c Excellentâ€Goodâ€Averageâ€Fairâ€Poor: People may experience difficulty differentiating among â€Å"good† and â€Å"average† on the grounds that shouldn’t â€Å"average† as of now be â€Å"good†? d Strongly Approveâ€Approveâ€Uncertainâ€Disapprove†Strongly Disapprove: An issue with this would be that it is an uneven scale, â€Å"unequal number of great and horrible reaction choices† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). Section 5 †Discussion Questions (Terms in Review) # 1-3 1. a Purpose: This is one way that supervisors can contemplate and picked data. Along these lines assesses the â€Å"explicit or concealed motivation of the data source† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). b Scope: The extension applies to the substance of the data and the degree to which it covers, for example, any sort of constraints or timespan touchy information. c Authority: This factor takes a gander at the quality and level of the data, for instance what the source certifications are and whether it is essential, optional or tertiary. d Audience: This has to do with the sort, a particular attributes, of individuals or gatherings of individuals â€Å"for whom the source was created† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). e Format: This has to do with the manner in which the information is introduced â€Å"and the level of simplicity of finding explicit data inside the source† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). 2. Characterize the differentiations between essential, auxiliary, a nd tertiary sources in an optional pursuit. An essential source is one that utilizes a legitimate unique work, for example, crude information and is the most substantial kind of information. Auxiliary sources decipher the information and research from an essential source, a case of this would be a course book or news story. A tertiary source is one that presents and deciphers information that has been found from optional sources. 3. What issues of optional information quality must analysts face? How might they manage them? Perhaps the most concerning issue with optional information is the way that the data being citied is a translation of the first information. The most ideal approach to keep away from an error of the information is to search for the first or essential source that is referenced in the auxiliary source and legitimately statement or utilize the information from that. This will dispense with the opportunity of having misjudged information placed into a significant undertaking and it will loan you an extra source. Scientists ought to assess and choose data sources dependent on the 5 elements. Peruse the contextual investigation, State Farm: Dangerous Intersections. Answer conversation addresses 1 through 5. 1. Recognize the different builds and ideas engaged with the examination. To respond to this inquiry we should characterize what an idea and develop is, â€Å"an picture or thought explicitly imagined for a given research and additionally hypothesis building purpose† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). An idea is â€Å"a heap of implications or qualities related with specific occasions, objects, conditions, circumstances, or behaviors† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). A build of this examination is that if State Farm offers cash to the conditions of perilous convergences to fix them this will diminish the measure of cases here because of the crossing point getting more secure because of interchange develop. An idea would be that State Farm thinks about their clients. Another build would be that the measure of cases in a given crossing point is because of poor develop. Another idea would be that State Farm needs to help states to improve their crossing points. 2. What speculation may drive the exploration of one of the urban communities on the best 10 †¨dangerous convergence list? A case of a theory that may impact the examination of one of the best 10 perilous crossing point rundown would be â€Å"This convergence is one of the main ten most hazardous convergences in the United States† or â€Å"This convergence is the place half of the states mishap claims occur.† 3. Assess the technique for State Farm’s investigate. I would state that State Farm’s procedure is concrete since it indicates precisely what the factors are and how the investigation is developed. They additionally executed an estimation framework for grouping mishaps. 4. On the off chance that you were State Farm, how might you address the worries of transportation engineers? I would give recommendations of what the builds of the most secure crossing points in a tantamount size city are and help the designers think of a strong and safe intend to reproduce the convergence. I would need to ensure the specialists comprehended the possibility of future examinations just as how the award could help them. 5. On the off chance that you were State Farm, OK use traffic volume considers some portion of the †¨2003 study? What concerns, other than those communicated by Nepomuceno, do you have? My interests would be outdated information. That information would be very nearly ten years of age and may not be the most precise now. I would need to finish progressively significant information for state the most recent 5 years. I would think it as judicious to incorporate traffic volume tallies and contrast them with various territories provided that there is less traffic at a given site there is all the more then likely going to be less mishaps. I would propose to utilize various investigations that think about various volume includes in various geographic regions to make the measurements progressively complete.

In Case You Were Wondering

In Case You Were Wondering… 7:48 AM The view from my window If you crane your neck, you can see the distant glint of the Charles. If you dont feel like craning your neck, you can see a silver SUV trundling down Mass Ave. My room has one tiny window (this one) and one larger window facing east, which let in a fair amount of sunlight, especially when we forget to pull down the blinds. There is a nice view of Building 1 and a pleasant reminder that even when the weather gets atrocious, the warmth of the infinite is only a short sprint away. Twenty minutes before 8 AM, I wake up to the pleasant phone noises that constitute my alarm clock, leaving me just enough time to dress myself and perform my morning rituals (namely brushing my teeth and popping my contacts out, among other things) before I need to be at the Z center for morning lifting. 7:53 AM The view as soon as you step out of Maseeh Normally being out of bed before 9:30 AM, let alone 8 AM, would be a horrifying thought. But on this particular day, I feel good, having slept 8 hours the night before, a solid number by anyones standards. As you can see, Maseeh is a convenient stroll away from the student center (the light brown building in the distance), and extremely close to the chapel (currently under construction). In fact, Maseeh is conveniently close to a lot of things, something I grow more and more thankful of as the temperature numbers begin flirting with freezing. 7:57 AM One of the many hallways of the Z center The Z center (more formally known as the Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center) is home to the varsity weight room, my destination this fine morning. Tennis off-season consists entirely of optional lifting, conditioning, and open tennis court times. Last year, I was a horrible potato and somehow convinced myself that I didn’t have time to exercise, so this year, I made a promise to myself that I would make the time. So far so good. 7:58 AM The varsity weight room 2 minutes before lifting, I sit in a corner and nibble on a breakfast cracker, contemplating the tiny dirt balls that are minding their own business in the floor crevices. 9:01 AM Ava 16 and Elysa 17. I see them rolling. Ava is so speedy her face is a blur. Its certainly not because I have shaky hands and cant take focused photos on my phone Word of advice: always lift with buddies. Buddies can keep large heavy objects from squashing you and they are also amazing support to have when you feel like melting into a puddle of tired person. After lifting, Ava guest swipes me into the McCormick dining hall and I enjoy a delicious vegetable omelet and half a grapefruit. Having eaten my fill, I head back to my dorm room and start catching up on my HASS reading for Neuroscience and Society. 11:26 AM The front of the Media Lab I have an appointment at 11:30 AM with a member of the Personal Robots Group as a participant in a research study on human-robot interactions. The email I had been forwarded promised a small robot as thanks in return for 15 minutes of my day, and because I am a shameless lover of free things, I signed up immediately. The study actually only took about 8 minutes and involved smashing things with a hammer: The Emperors New Groove is perhaps one of my favorite Disney movies from my childhood. 11:40 AM My tiny robot! You can tell Im walking because Ive accidentally included my foot in this photo. What you cant tell is how satisfied I am with my tiny robot prize, mostly because fingers cant express any emotion and my wonderfully expressive face isnt in the photo. The tiny robot is currently sitting on my desk unopened, but in a few weeks, once my schedule lightens up, Ill eventually get around to opening it up. Since I dont usually have class until 1pm (which is technically just office hours for 20.110 Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Systems), I still have plenty of time to eat and peruse more HASS readings. Luckily for me, since we just recently took our third 20.110 midterm on Wednesday, OH is cancelled and I only have 1 hour of class today: STS.010 Neuroscience and Society lecture. 2:05 PM Professor Schull about to begin lecture Todays lecture is titled Enhancing the Brain and we discuss the social and ethical implications of present and future possibilities for neuroenhancement, especially via new pharmaceutical methods. Once 2:55 PM hits, Im free for the rest of the day! At 4 PM, I head to the turf for an hour of off-season conditioning, open to all off-season varsity athletes Tuesdays and Thursdays. Despite the biting chill and the discomfort in my exposed ear tips, all the running and jumping up and down keeps me warm. For the most part. 5:05 PM The inside of the J.B. Carr Tennis Bubble Right after conditioning, its back into the bubble for another hour of tennis practice with Elysa 17. There are four tennis courts inside the bubble and thankfully court rentals are free to all MIT students between 2 PM 6 PM every day. Making reservations is just one simple phone call away. After dinner at McCormick (my go to dorm for dining these days), Im back in my room with absolutely nothing to do. I use the term absolutely nothing to do in the sense that my next pset isnt due until Monday and I have no exams until after Thanksgiving. The feeling of weightlessness is amazing and I take a note to savor moments like these, especially considering how terrible some weeks can get. The rest of my night is so relaxed and boring that I dont even bother taking pictures. Evening activities included: snack-munching, internet-browsing, and writing of frivolous things. Oh yes, and plenty of sleep. Sometimes that happens around here, sleep I mean. And when it does (which can actually be more frequent than it is made out to be, depending of course on your time management skills and prioritization of sleep over things like The Internet), it feels glorious. Thursday was a reminder that some days are crazy, some days are hard, some days are amazingly fun, and some days are just plain normal, something that I think gets lost in all of the excitement that does go on here. Everyday is different, and Im thankful for that.

Internship Assessment Counselor of Domestic and Substance...

Internship Assessment Internship Assessment My internship as a counselor of domestic and substance abuse was challenging and practical. I came into contact with domestic violence defendants, substance abuse defendants, as well as DUI first second time offenders. These are people who have problems with impulse control, some emotional instability, and people who need to reevaluate how they make their choices. Having an internship in this environment and with these populations helped me realized what natural skills I have in the area of counseling and in which areas I need to improve as I continue my education and career. The experience I had in my internship solidified my interest in pursuing a career in counseling. This internship provided me with very practical insight and experiences into the work life of a counselor with these kinds of populations. I have a much clearer idea of what kind of demands would be upon me professionally and personally. My internship experience ultimately put me in a better position from which to decide in which direction my career path will go. I have a natural ability to connect with the people to whom I provide services. I am a strong and active listener. I have an innate and fairly accurate sense of character. These traits help me assess the clients during intake and during treatment. What I lack is a theoretical background and approach in my work. I need to become more literate in the theoretical branches of counseling, withShow MoreRelatedSocial Work Career And Job Search1193 Words   |  5 Pagessetting. The down side of all this growth is that a great deal of th ese social workers will be employed by government agencies and due to state and federal budgets, funding for these programs may become limited. Employees in the mental health and substance abuse fields can expect a growth of approximately 23% from 2012 to 2022, as well. Types of degrees required in the social work field. The social work field has a variety of positions available to meet the occupational desires of many different peopleRead MoreMy Purpose For Pursue A Doctorate Degree Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesMy purpose for seeking to pursue a doctorate degree is to enhance my knowledge of theories, research methods and assessment as it relates to psychology. More specifically, I would like to fine tune my skill set of executing varying concepts and techniques derived from theoretical discourses applicable to my work as a Psychologist and in so doing, obtain credibility within the field and among colleagues. I also believe, like Abraham Maslow in his theory of Human motivation, in becoming a lifelongRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesimportant for graduate school. Identify specific areas of interest and note one or two research topics that interest you the most. Demonstrate your understanding of ―theoryâ€â€" an d your knowledge of disciplinary-specific methodologies. 3. 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Then they conduct basic mathematics and English skills training classes at workplace sites for employees with deficiencies. Some employers also sponsor programs for employees and their family members to aid them in obtaining generalRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesthe first issues will be to attract good people for your organization. b. To Develop People Development is related to provide the opportunities for training and development to match the skills to job in particular areas. It requires careful need assessment for training and selecting effective training methods and tools. Afte r attracting/selecting, Continuous development of workforce of the organization leads towards development of the organization. So that they will start playing their important roleRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesConflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect OrganizationalRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesactions. Similarly, she could have gone into more detail regard.. ing her motivations for such drastic action. Starting a not-for..profit is not necessarily the most obvious answer to the problems she discov... ered. The author not only has the substance that makes her memorable, she also tells the story in a manner that resonates. The imagery and voice of the young boy from Harlem who asked, that his dollar be spent in Africa is indelibly etched on the readers memory long after completing the essay

American Government And Political Science Essay - 1258 Words

Throughout my academic career, I have had the opportunity to take a number of American government classes that ranged from studying original concepts, during the foundation of our country, to analyzing more recent events and policies that have taken place during my life. When I started Political Science 101, I was under the impression that I would be doing more review of American government. As the semester continued, I gained a variety of new ideas and perspectives that were unlike anything I had learned in previous courses. There is no question that debates and discussions have been an integral portion of American government courses. One aspect that varied in Political Science 101 was the introduction of topics, that were important in current discussions and debates about government and politics, which were necessary to building a well-rounded understanding of the subject. Lessons and discussions regarding political socialization (Week 6), the debate over the U.S. being an Oligarch y(Week 2), and the media as the fourth estate (Week 6) were topics that had never been introduced to me (even though were essential to understanding issues regarding government and politics). Unlike other courses that study more social and popular topics in government, this course familiarizes students with subjects that examine the atmosphere of the government and causes the student to comprehend other matters that contribute to its current state. Another aspect of the class that caught myShow MoreRelatedPolitics And Progress : The Emergence Of American Political Science1013 Words   |  5 Pagesand Progress: The Emergence of American Political Science by Dennis Mahoney is an account of the origins of contemporary political science in the Progressive Movement. 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I’ve never been the most civically-minded person so I was not quiteRead MoreThe Five Paradigms Of Public Administration1196 Words   |  5 Pagesparadigms of Public Administration will be discussed here to indicate that Public Administration is new unique synthesizing field. This is because many conceived that Public Administration as a discipline is an amalgam of organization theory, management science and the concept of public interest. It is now, time to time establish itself as an institutionally autonomous enterprise in colleges and universities in order to retain i ts social relevance and worth. Paradigm:1, The politics/Administration: The concentrationRead MorePolitical And Political Theories Of Political Science858 Words   |  4 Pagesprior experience in politics before achieving the seat they now hold. Many of these politicians have backgrounds in Political Science that gave them the knowledge to pursue politics. Political Scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. They research ideas that will help them analyze government policies, trends and other political issues. Political Science is a highly competitive field that requires many skills to achieve a job within the industry. However, once theRead MoreIntroduction To Political Science. Unit 2 Assignment. Write888 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Political Science Unit 2 Assignment Write a one page document covering the following: Define political culture. â€Å"American political culture puts a special emphasis on hard work, and is rife with stories of successful businessmen and leaders. (USHistory.org, 2016)† Political culture is the attitudes, convictions, and conclusions which give order and intending to a political process and which give the hidden presumptions and guidelines that represent conduct in the political frameworkRead More My New Political Ideology Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A population’s views on political issues may change as different circumstances occur each day. The environment around us has a powerful influence on the decisions that we produce and the views that we as American citizens choose to hold. After a semester in political science class my views and my political ideology have altered. Today I will explain how political science class has influenced my political ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When this class initially began I was sure, without a doubt I was a conservativeRead MoreMy Political Ideology1142 Words   |  5 PagesMy New Political Ideology A populations views on political issues may change as different circumstances occur each day. The environment around us has a powerful influence on the decisions that we produce and the views that we as American citizens choose to hold. After a semester in political science class my views and my political ideology have altered. Today I will explain how political science class has influenced my political ideology. When this class initially began I was sure, without

Safeguarding Childhood and Young People Free Essays

Portfolio Evidence 10 Safeguarding Describe how legislation, policies and procedures regarding safeguarding impact on own role in the workplace As a youth worker I have the obligation in my role to know policies and procedures that are in place for safeguarding. Taking into consideration the five outcomes identified by Every Child Matters 1. Protection from harm and neglect (to stay safe) 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding: Childhood and Young People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Physical and mental health and emotional well-being (to be healthy) 3. Education training and recreation (to enjoy and achieve) 4. Social and economic well being (to achieve economic well being) 5. The contribution made by them to society (to make a positive contribution) It is vital that every person who works with children and young people should be able to recognise and know how to respond should they be concerned or be aware that a child is, or may be, at risk of significant harm. The policy highlights key issues and recommends actions when dealing with an allegation. These key issues include recruitment policies for those working with children and young people, their induction and training, how to respond to disclosures, how to make a referral, suspicions or allegations of abuse. These policies and procedures are there to protect me and colleague’s as well young people. Describe the issues which may arise in implementing safeguarding procedures * I could have a too good relationship or not have a good relationship with the young person. * I might not have enough knowledge about the situation * People being reported are close to me. How to cite Safeguarding: Childhood and Young People, Essay examples Safeguarding Childhood and Young People Free Essays Portfolio Evidence 10 Safeguarding Describe how legislation, policies and procedures regarding safeguarding impact on own role in the workplace As a youth worker I have the obligation in my role to know policies and procedures that are in place for safeguarding. Taking into consideration the five outcomes identified by Every Child Matters 1. Protection from harm and neglect (to stay safe) 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding: Childhood and Young People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Physical and mental health and emotional well-being (to be healthy) 3. Education training and recreation (to enjoy and achieve) 4. Social and economic well being (to achieve economic well being) 5. The contribution made by them to society (to make a positive contribution) It is vital that every person who works with children and young people should be able to recognise and know how to respond should they be concerned or be aware that a child is, or may be, at risk of significant harm. The policy highlights key issues and recommends actions when dealing with an allegation. These key issues include recruitment policies for those working with children and young people, their induction and training, how to respond to disclosures, how to make a referral, suspicions or allegations of abuse. These policies and procedures are there to protect me and colleague’s as well young people. Describe the issues which may arise in implementing safeguarding procedures * I could have a too good relationship or not have a good relationship with the young person. * I might not have enough knowledge about the situation * People being reported are close to me. How to cite Safeguarding: Childhood and Young People, Papers

Case of Harshad Mehta free essay sample

Harshad Mehta aka Deep Chhaya was an Indian stockbroker and is alleged to have engineered the rise in the BSE stock exchange in the year 1992. Exploiting several loopholes in the banking system, Mehta and his associates siphoned off funds from inter-bank transactions and bought shares heavily at a premium across many segments, triggering a rise in the Sensex. When the scheme was exposed, the banks started demanding the money back, causing the collapse. He was later charged with 72 criminal offenses and more than 600 civil action suits were filed against him. He died in 2002 with many litigations still pending against him. Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Stock Market Scandal 3 External links 4 References Early life Harshad Shantilal Mehta was born in a Gujarati Jain family of modest means. His early childhood was spent in Mumbai where his father was a small-time businessman. Later, the family moved to Raipur in Madhya Pradesh after doctors advised his father to move to a drier place on account of his indifferent health. But Raipur could not hold back Mehta for long and he was back in the city after completing his schooling. Stock Market Scandal Mehta gradually rose to become a stock broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange and ived almost like a movie star in a 15,000 square feet apartment, which had a swimming pool as well as a golf patch. He also had a taste for flashy cars, which ultimately led to his downfall. The year was 1990. Years had gone by and the driving ambitions of a young man in the faceless crowd had been realised. Harshad Mehta was making waves in the stock market. He had been buying shares heavily since the beginning of 1990. The shares which attracted attention were those of Associated Cement Company (ACC). The price of ACC was bid up to Rs 10,000. For those who asked, Mehta had the replacement cost theory as an explanation. The theory basically argues that old companies should be valued on the basis of the amount of money which would be required to create another such company. Through the second half of 1991, Mehta was the darling of the business media and earned the sobriquet of the Big Bull, who was said to have started the Bull Run. But, where was Mehta getting his endless supply of money from? Nobody had a clue. On April 23, 1992, Journalist Sucheta Dalal in a column in The Times of India, exposed the dubious ways of Harshad Metha. The broker was dipping illegally into the banking system to inance his buying. In 1992, when I broke the story about the Rs 600 crore that he had swiped from the State Bank of India, it was his visits to the banks headquarters in a flashy Toyota Lexus that was the tip-off. Those days, the Lexus had Just been launched in the international market and importing it cost a neat package, Dalal wrote in one of her columns later. The authors explain: The crucial mechanism essence a secured short-term (typically 1 5-day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against government securities Just as a pawnbroker lends against Jewellery. The borrowing bank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan, typically at a slightly higher price. It was this ready forward deal that Harshad Mehta and his cronies used with great success to channel money from the banking system. A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of a commission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that wasnt the case in the lead-up to the scam. In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were made through the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they had traded with, either being know only to the broker. This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had become market makers and had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank. Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actu ality. Instead, the borrower, i. e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. As the authors write, a BR confirms the sale of securities. It acts as a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name bank receipt. It promises to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds the securities in trust of the buyer. Having figured this out, Mehtha needed banks, which could issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed by any government securities. Two small and little known banks the Bank of Karad (80K) and the Metorpolitan Co-operative Bank (MCB) came in handy for this purpose. These banks were willing to issue BRs as and when required, for a fee, the authors point out. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, obviously assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned. The game went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about Mehtas modus operand. Once the scam was exposed though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value the banking system had been swindled of a whopping Rs 4,000 crore. Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as well as a weekly newspaper column. This time around, he was in cahoots with owners of a few companies and recommended only those shares. This game, too, did not last long. l] Interestingly, by the time he died, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the many cases filed against him. Till now, it is still unknown what was the real story behind the entire scam. The recent Hindi movie Gafla showed this scam in a different perspective. [2] ANOTHER ONE. Harshad Mehta died of a massive heart attack in 2001 , while the legal issues were still being litigated. father was a small businessman. His mothers name was Rasilaben Mehta. His early childhood was spent in the industrial city of Bombay. Due to indifferent health of Harshads father in the humid environs of Bombay, the family shifted their residence n the mid-1960s to Raipur, then in Madhya Pradesh and currently the capital of Chattisgarh state. An Amul advertisement of 1999 during the conterversy over MUL saying it as The Big Bhool (Bhool in Hindi means Blunder) He studied at the Holy Cross High School, located at Byron Bazaar. After completing his secondary education Harshad left for Bombay. While doing odd Jobs he Joined Lala LaJpat Rai College for a Bachelors degree in Commerce. After completing his graduation, Harshad Mehta started his working life as an employee of the New India Assurance Company. During his period his family relocated to Bombay and his brother Ashwin Mehta started to pursue graduation course in law at Lala LaJpat Rai College. His youngest brother Hitesh is a practising surgeon at the B. Y. L. Nair Hospital in Bombay. After his graduation Ashwin Joined (ICICI) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India. They had rented a small flat in Ghatkopar for living. In the late seventies every evening Harshad and Ashwin started to analyze tips generated from respective offices and from cyclostyled investment letters, which had made their appearance during that time. In the early eighties he quit his Job and sought a Job with stock broker P. Ambalal affiliated to Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) before becoming a jobber on BSE for stock broker P. D. Shukla. In 1981 he became a sub-broker for stock brokers J. L. Shah and Nandalal Sheth. After a while he was unable to sustain his overbought positions and decided to pay his dues by selling his house with consent of his mother Rasilaben and brother Ashwin. The next day Harshad went to his brokers and offered the papers of the house as guarantee. The brokers Shah and Sheth were moved by his gesture and gave him sufficient time to overcome his osition. After he came out of this big struggle for survival he became stronger and his brother quit his Job to team with Harshad to start their venture GrowMore Research and Asset Management Company Limited. While a brokers card at BSE was being auctioned, the company made a bid for the same with financial assistance from Shah and Sheth, who were Harshads previous broker mentors. He rose and survived the bear runs, this earned him the nickname of the Big Bull of the trading floor, and his actions, actual or perceived, decided the course of the movement of the Sensex as well as scrip-specific activities. By the end of eighties the media started projecting him as Stock Market Success, Story of Rags to Riches and he too started to fuel his own publicity. He felt proud of this accomplishments and showed off his success to journalists through his mansion Madhuli, which included a billiards room, mini theatre and nine hole golf course. His brand new Toyota Lexus and a fleet of cars gave credibility to his show off. This in no time made him the nondescript broker to super star of financial world. During his heyday, in the early 1990s, Harshad Mehta commanded a large resource of funds and finances as well as personal wealth. The fall was all along considered as the architect of the bull run was blamed for the crash. It transpired that he had manipulated the Indian banking systems to siphon off the funds from the banking system, and used the liquidity to build large positions in a select group of stocks. When the scam broke out, he was called upon by the banks and the financial institutions to return the funds, which in turn set into motion a chain reaction, necessitating liquidating and exiting from the positions which he had built in various stocks. The panic reaction ensued, and the stock market reacted and crashed within days. He was arrested on June 5, 1992 for his role in the scam. His favorite stocks included ACC Apollo Tyres Reliance -rata Iron and steel co. (TISCO) BPL Sterlite Videocon. The extent The Harshad Mehta induced security scam, as the media sometimes termed it, adversely affected at least 10 major commercial banks of India, a number of foreign banks operating in India, and the National Housing Bank, a subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India, which is the central bank of India. As an aftermath of the shockwaves which engulfed the Indian financial sector, a number of people holding key positions n the Indias financial sector were adversely affected, which included arrest and sacking of K. M. Margabandhu, then CMD of the UCO Bank; removal from office of V. Mahadevan, one of the Managing Directors of Indias largest bank, the State Bank of India. The end The Central Bureau of Investigation which is Indias premier investigative agency, was entrusted with the task of deciphering the modus operandi and the ramifications of the scam. Harshad Mehta was arrested and investigations continued for a decade. During his Judicial custody, while he was in Thane Prison, Mumbai, he complained of hest pain, and was moved to a hospital, where he died on 31st December 2001. His death remains a mystery. Some believe that he was murdered ruthlessly by an underworld nexus (spanning several South Asian countries including Pakistan). Rumour has it that they suspected that part of the huge wealth that Harshad Mehta commanded at the height of the 1992 scam was still in safe hiding and thought that the only way to extract their share of the loot was to pressurise Harshads family by threatening his very existence. In this context, it might be noteworthy that a certain riminal allegedly connected with this nexus had inexplicably surrendered Just days after Harshad was moved to Thane Jail and landed up in imprisonment in the same jail, in the cell next to Harshad Mehtas. Mumbai: Just as the year 2001 was coming to an end, Harshad Shantilal Mehta, boss of Growmore Research and Asset Management, died of a massive heart attack in a jail in Thane. And thus came to an end the life of a man who is probably the most The Great Indian Scam: Story of the missing Rs 4,000 crore, Samir K Barua and Jayanth R Varma explain how Harshad Mehta pulled off one of the most audacious cams in the history of the Indian stock market. Harshad Shantilal Mehta was born in a Gujarati Jain family of modest means. His early childhood was spent in Mumbai where his father was a small-time businessman. Later, the family moved to Raipur in Madhya Pradesh after doctors advised his father to move to a drier place on account of his indifferent health. But Raipur could not hold back Mehta for long and he was back in the city after completing his schooling, much against his fathers wishes. Mehta first started working as a dispatch clerk in the New India Assurance Company. Over the years, he got interested in the stock markets and along with brother Ashwin, who by then had left his Job with the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, started investing heavily in the stock market. As they learnt the ropes of the trade, they went from boom to bust a couple of times and survived. Mehta gradually rose to become a stock broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange, who did very well for himself. At his peak, he lived almost like a movie star in a 15,000 square feet house, which had a swimming pool as well as a golf patch. He also had a taste for flashy cars, which ultimately led to his downfall. Ђ Newsmakers of the week: View Slideshow The year was 1990. Years had gone by and the driving ambitions of a young man in the faceless crowd had been realised. Harshad Mehta was making waves in the stock market. He had been buying shares heavily since the beginning of 1990. The shares which attracted attention were those of Associated Cement Company (ACC), write the authors. The price of ACC was bid up to Rs 10,000. For those who asked, Mehta had the replacement cost theory as an explanation. The theory basically argues that old companies should be valued on the basis of the amount of money which would be equired to create another such company. Through the second half of 1991, Mehta was the darling of the business media and earned the sobriquet of the Big Bull, who was said to have started the bull run. But, where was Mehta getting his endless supply of money from? Nobody had a clue. On April 23, 1992, Journalist Sucheta Dalal in a column in The Times of India, exposed the dubious ways of Harshad Metha. The broker was dipping illegally into the banking system to finance his buying. In 1992, when I broke the story about the Rs 600 crore that he had swiped from the State Bank of India, it was his visits to the banks headquarters in a flashy Toyota Lexus that was the tip-off. Those days, the Lexus had Just been launched in the international market and importing it cost a neat package, Dalal wrote in one of her columns later. The authors explain: The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the ready forward (RF) deal. The RF is in essence a secured short-term (typically 1 5-day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against government securities Just as a pawnbroker lends against Jewellery. The borrowing ank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan, typically at a slightly higher price. It was this ready forward deal that Harshad Mehta and his cronies used with great success to channel money from the banking system. A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of a commission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that wasnt the case in the lead-up to the scam. In this broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them o the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they had traded with, either being know only to the broker. This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had become market makers and had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank. Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i. e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of t he securities a BR. As the authors write, a BR confirms the sale of securities. It acts as a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name bank receipt. It promises to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds the securities in trust of the buyer. Having fgured this out, Metha needed banks, which could issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed by any government securities. Two small and little known banks the Bank of Karad (80K) and the Metorpolitan Co-operative Bank (MCB) ame in handy for this purpose. These banks were willing to issue BRs as and when required, for a fee, the authors point out. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, obviously assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned. The game went on as ong as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about Mehtas modus operand. Once the scam was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value the banking system had been swindled of a whopping Rs 4,000 crore. Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as well as a weekly newspaper column. This time around, he was in cahoots with owners of a few companies and recommended only those shares. This game, too, did not last long. Interestingly, however, by the time he died, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the many cases filed against him.

Nitrogen Essays - Industrial Gases, Nitrogen, Pnictogen,

Nitrogen Nitrogen, symbol N, gaseous element that makes up the largest portion of the earth's atmosphere. The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen is in group 15 (or Va) of the periodic table. Nitrogen was discovered by the British physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an elemental gas by the French chemist, Antoine Laurent Lavoiser about 1776. Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless tasteless, nontoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid, which can be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid. Nitrogen exists in two natural forms, and four radioactive forms (artificial). Nitrogen melts at -210.01 degrees C, (-349.02 F), boils at -195.79 C (320.42 F), and has a density of 1.251 g/liter at 0 C (32 F) and 1 atmosphere pressure. The atomic weight of nitrogen is 14.007. Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere by passing air over heated copper of iron. The oxygen is removed from the air, leaving nitrogen mixed with inert gases. Pure nitrogen is obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air; because liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point than liquid oxygen, the nitrogen distills of first an can be collected. Nitrogen compresses about 4/5ths by volume of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is inert and serves as a diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an important element in plant nutrition; certain bacteria in the soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form, such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen in the form of protein is an important constituent of animal tissue. The element occurs in the combined state in minerals, of which saltpeter (KNO ) and Chile saltpeter (NaNO ) are commercially important products. Nitrogen combines with other elements only at very high temperatures of pressures. It is converted to an active form by passing through an electronic discharge at low pressure. The nitrogen so produced is very active, combining with alkali metals to form azides; with the vapor of zinc, mercury cadmium, and arsenic to form nitrides; and with many hydrocarbons to form hydrocyanic acid and cyanides, also known as nitriles. Activated nitrogen returns to ordinary nitrogen in about one minute. In the combined state nitrogen takes part in many reactions; it forms so many compounds that a systematic scheme of compounds containing nitrogen in place of oxygen was created by the American chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the valence states between -3 and +5. Ammonia, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine represent compounds in which the valence of nitrogen is -3, -2, and -1, respectively. Oxides of nitrogen represent nitrogen in all the positive valence states. Most of the nitrogen used in the chemical industry is obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air. It is then used to synthesize ammonia. From ammonia produced in this manner, a wide variety of important chemical products are prepared, including fertilizers, nitric acid, urea, hydrazine, and amines. In addition, an ammonia compound is used in the preparation of nitrous oxide (N 0) a colorless gas popularly known as laughing gas. Mixed with oxygen, nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic for some types of surgery. Used as a coolant, liquid nitrogen has found widespread application in the field of cryogenics. With the recent advent of ceramic materials that become superconductive at the boiling point of nitrogen, the use of nitrogen as a coolant is increasing. In conclusion, it seems as if Nitrogen is very helpful in the modern world. It is used in dentists office's to using it for industrial applications. Without this element the world would be a little different in some fields.

Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People

Many reasons were given to justify what was done to the indigenous groups of America during the age of colonization and discovery. There is no real way to now know which reasons were the real reasons and which ones were just rationalizations. Christianity was used almost as an excuse for their actions and in reality was forced upon the Indians who at the time already had their own religious belief systems. Spain and Portugal, being as extreme in their Catholicism as they were, strongly believed in â€Å"white man’s burden† to find new souls that needed to be saved even if it meant the destruction and enslavement of entire civilizations. As religious as they were, it was not their primary goal to convert the â€Å"savages† to Christianity, but to justify their mercantilism with a higher, moral, and divine goal. The main motives for the Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization were predominantly economic, such as finding new territories for resources an d raw materials, new labor to cultivate these resources, and somebody to sell the finished products to. A cycle that benefits the motherland but diminishes the colonies. By the mid-fifteenth century most of the European countries developed a system of mercantilism that could only exist if a country had a favorable balance of trade. Since there was no way for two or more mercantilist countries to trade with each other while retaining the purpose of keeping their goods within their own country, many of these countries had to look for new markets somewhere else. Many countries promoted expeditions set to find new lands where they were yet unaware of mercantilism. Spain and Portugal were among the first ones to expand their influence beyond charted territories. The two countries even had a dispute over where each country had the power to establish colonies. Pope Alexander VI, a highly regarded figure in both Catholic countries, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, easily settled th... Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People Many reasons were given to justify what was done to the indigenous groups of America during the age of colonization and discovery. There is no real way to now know which reasons were the real reasons and which ones were just rationalizations. Christianity was used almost as an excuse for their actions and in reality was forced upon the Indians who at the time already had their own religious belief systems. Spain and Portugal, being as extreme in their Catholicism as they were, strongly believed in â€Å"white man’s burden† to find new souls that needed to be saved even if it meant the destruction and enslavement of entire civilizations. As religious as they were, it was not their primary goal to convert the â€Å"savages† to Christianity, but to justify their mercantilism with a higher, moral, and divine goal. The main motives for the Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization were predominantly economic, such as finding new territories for resources an d raw materials, new labor to cultivate these resources, and somebody to sell the finished products to. A cycle that benefits the motherland but diminishes the colonies. By the mid-fifteenth century most of the European countries developed a system of mercantilism that could only exist if a country had a favorable balance of trade. Since there was no way for two or more mercantilist countries to trade with each other while retaining the purpose of keeping their goods within their own country, many of these countries had to look for new markets somewhere else. Many countries promoted expeditions set to find new lands where they were yet unaware of mercantilism. Spain and Portugal were among the first ones to expand their influence beyond charted territories. The two countries even had a dispute over where each country had the power to establish colonies. Pope Alexander VI, a highly regarded figure in both Catholic countries, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, easily settled th...

Stages of Art development for children ages 2 thru 8 Essay

Stages of Art development for children ages 2 thru 8 - Essay Example For instances, the drawings are product oriented, and the child’s characterization and conception about the environment are more pronounced than objects. In this stage, the young adolescent is product oriented and his or her interest in drawing moves from drawing objects to drawing nature’s things such as the human body. He or she may also start drawing cartoons and exaggerated characters such as doodles (Krimsky, 1999). In an effort to improve the art and creativity experiences offered to children, I would provide the children with drawing materials and surfaces on which drawing would be done. I would ensure that the children in class have got enough space that would facilitate the drawing process. In addition to this, I would lay down measures aimed at making the children compete among themselves within the class setting. I would also bring them objects that they would be required to draw when they would be required to do so within the class. For me to implement the above improvements, I would require support from parents and the teaching staff. The parents of the children will contribute to this process by buying the children the required drawing materials. The teaching staff members will assist in guiding the children during learning lessons. I would also involve the school administration by asking them to allocate the students sometime that would be used in carrying out drawing activities. I would want to know the factors that would serve to motivate the children in drawing activities. I would be interested in enabling children to be creative and come up with unique drawings. In addition to this, I would also like to know how the children would be handled so that they develop their careers in drawing. Creativity may reduce with age in children during their growth stages, but it does not disappear permanently. In fact, older people may reclaim creativity that faded away at a young age. Development in artworks should be viewed

Philosophy of a learning organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of a learning organization - Essay Example Commitment of individuals in the organization to Personal mastery (lifelong learning). Continually clarifying and deepening their personal vision, focusing their energies, developing patience, and seeing reality objectively. 1. According to the Shaw & Perkins, 1991, the role of leaders in organizations is to set the necessary conditions for the organization to develop an effective learning capability. That is, managers need to take strategic action and make specific interventions to ensure that learning can occur 2. According to Nicolas Rolland, Unrelated knowledge networks management: new challenges for the CKO takes up the challenge of analyzing how firms manage their knowledge networks to leverage the management positively and the creation of organizational knowledge; and to find out what are the new challenges for the Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) in this new context. Based on a qualitative research method, the empirical study stresses that the CKO's new roles are based on the management of knowledge networks and especially on increasing unrelated knowledge networks. This implies that there are problems in constellation of knowledge networks management.

The Causes Of The Revolutions History Essay

The Causes Of The Revolutions History Essay Described as the year of the avalanche, the events of 1989 proved to be some of the most surprising and cataclysmic of the twentieth century. In early 1989, few would have dared to predict the unprecedented events which were to occur. In the space of a matter of months, the communist regimes across the Eastern Bloc began to crumble as the Soviet grip on the states lessened. However, the fact that the communist regimes in Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania all fell with such quick succession can lead to the misconception that the revolutions shared the same causes. However, the conventional tendency to assess the causes of the fall of communism collectively is particularly unhelpful; this essay will argue that, despite sharing the same fundamental long-term causes, the salience of these causes, as well as a number of other short term factors, did in fact vary. In making this assertion, the essay will adopt a thematic approach, assessing a range of fact ors which contributed to the events of 1989. Whilst acknowledging that everything was interconnected, each factor will be evaluated with regard to the six East European countries previously mentioned.  [2]  Thus, economic failure, regime problems, outside influences and popular protest will all be considered. It is important to note that the factors which caused the revolutions across Eastern Europe can be divided into both long and short term factors. Crucially, economic stagnation and underdevelopment proved to be central to the revolutions which occurred Eastern Europe. After all, as noted by Brown, economic failure stimulated and consolidated societal opposition in most Eastern European countries.  [3]  This view is supported by Chirot who asserts that economic stagnation and crisis was the most visible reason for the collapse of communism.  [4]  However, it is at this point that it is necessary to distinguish between the various Eastern European countries. Chirot describes how, although not impoverished on the scale of nations, such as Ethiopia, Romania and Poland were headed in that direction, while countries, such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary and East Germany were economically failing when compared to countries in Western Europe.  [5]  However, all of the six nations stru ggled with economic inefficiency and production inadequacies and were, thus, unable to act as competitive rivals to the capitalist economies of Western Europe. Economic stagnation affected the population significantly as there was a shortage of consumer goods, while the commitment to full employment and low food prices further damaged the economies of Eastern Europe.  [6]   However, the failing economy in these countries was arguably linked to regime problems; economic decisions were taken with primary consideration for the maintenance of party rule and the current system, not what was best for the economy. As a result, decisions were largely based on political will, rather than economic necessity.  [7]  Thus, a strong case can be made to suggest that inherent problems with the regimes hindered economic progress. For instance, rather than using foreign loans to invest in new technology or improvements to infrastructure, the communist regimes in Poland and Hungary instead used foreign loans to purchase consumer goods to make people happy, [an attempt to] shore up the crumbling legitimacy of [their] regimes.  [8]  As a result, it is clear that that the economic problems which gripped Eastern Europe arguably exacerbated the problems faced by the communist regimes regarding their fundamental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ illegitimacy.  [9]  Overall, it is cle ar that the countries of Eastern Europe all experienced varying degrees of economic difficulties and, thus, the economy acted as a contributing factor to the revolutions. However, the key word here is varying. The most severe economic problems were experienced in Bulgaria, Romania and Poland, while the state of the economy was arguably a less significant cause of the revolutions in East Germany and Czechoslovakia as they were more prosperous than their communist neighbours. Furthermore, arguably one of the most crucial long term factors which contributed to the events of 1989 were regime problems and failings. Fundamentally, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that the communist regimes lacked legitimacy and it was this which ultimately rendered revolution a certainty rather than a possibility.  [10]  Crucially, the communist regimes made a fatal error in confusing authority and legitimacy. It was the misguided belief that authority delivered legitimacy which proved ultimately disastrous.  [11]  After over four decades of communist rule, by 1989, citizens arguably began to realise that, not only did the regimes lack legitimacy, but that the authority which they had previously exerted was open to challenge. Thus, it is evident that the illegitimacy of the communist regimes in all of the Eastern European countries directly contributed to the rise in opposition towards communist rule. Moreover, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that this was underpinned by an increasing realisation that the communist party could no longer use force to maintain control. After all, what little legitimacy the regimes initially had gradually eroded over time; the years of repression, terror and misery of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ created a general malaise.  [12]  For instance, in East Germany, Honecker utilised repression as a tool for maintaining control; once repressive tactics had been abandoned, however, the system collapsed in a few weeks.  [13]  Therefore, this highlights how, once fear had been removed, the illegitimacy of the regimes were exposed and their future was thus limited. Significantly, however, it is possible to assert that attempts to reform and negotiate with the opposition, as occurred in Poland throughout 1989, were an attempt at re-legitimising the communist regimes in order to preserve their power. After all, there was notable success for Ja ruzelski in Poland following the total amnesty he announced in the mid-1980s. Describing the effect of this, Brown asserts that, while the regime gained ground, the opposition seemed to be in disarray.  [14]   In addition, the communist regimes across Eastern Europe faced even greater problems than their illegitimacy. Notably, communist leaders had to find a balance between what was best for their country as well as avoiding disapproval from the Soviet Union. However, this was arguably extremely different; each Soviet leader pursued different policies towards Eastern Europe, with significant contrast between the approach adopted by leaders, such as Khrushchev and Brezhnev, and leaders, such as Gorbachev, for example.  [15]  This highlights the interdependence of the factors which combined to cause the revolutions in 1989; in this sense, regime problems were also dependent upon outside influences, namely the role of the Soviet Union. What is more, elderly leaders, who were increasingly out of touch with the needs of their people, also proved problematic.  [16]  This was arguably the case for Ceausescu, the communist leader of Romania. At the time of his fall from power, Ceausescu wa s 71 years-old and had been in office for 22 years.  [17]  Thus, a logical case can be made to draw links between his age and length of tenure and his uncompromising response to opposition and inability to sense the mood of the country, resulting in a rebellion which cost him his life.  [18]  Overall, a strong case can be made to support the assertion that regime problems and failings played a key role in all of the revolutions across Eastern Europe. However, whilst all of the European states shared this fundamental long term cause of unrest, the salience of the short term factors varied greatly between countries. What is more, another factor which arguably contributed to the revolutions of 1989 can be collectively referred to as outside factors. This is a reference to the range of short term factors which were outside the control of the communist regimes, including geographical issues, the role of Gorbachev, the significance of the domino effect and also the increased awareness of life in the West. In terms of geography, it is important to consider the location of the East European countries as a strong case can be made to suggest that this had a bearing on the events of 1989. For instance, East Germany was a front-line state due to its position bordering the capitalist West Germany.  [19]  Moreover, the population was also more western, with many citizens being able to remember a time when Germany was still unified. Thus, East Germany had a stronger permeation of Western culture than many of the other countries in Eastern Europe.  [20]  What is more, as the European continent has few natural borders, it is clear that events occurring in one country are likely to have a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. For instance, following the opening of the Hungarian border with Austria, East Germany was severely affected; the opening of the border triggered an emigration crisis, with hundreds of thousands of East Germans attempting to escape due to their demoralisation and disgust with the regime.  [21]  This proved highly damaging for the East German regime; the exposure of the illegitimacy of the regime proved fatal. Thus, this highlights not only the importance of the increased awareness of life in the West, but also the significant role played by geography in terms of exposure to images of both life in the West as well as western media. However, these factors are clearly more important in explaining the causes of the revolutions in those countries which were geographically close to West Europe than those which were closer to the Soviet Union. Moreover, the role of the domino effect was arguably crucial, acting as a catalyst and thus explaining the spread of the revolution. Whilst the effect that images from the West had on frontline states was significant, a convincing case can be made to suggest that it was in fact images of life in the Soviet Union and, later, in neighbouring states which proved to be the ultimate short-term cause of the revolutions across Eastern Europe. The effect of such images arguably served to undermine the regimes in the eyes of the dissenting minority and, crucially, also the loyal minority.  [22]  The notion that the revolutions were in some way contagious is highly significant.  [23]  After all, the fall of communism in Poland paved the way for the overthrow of the communist regimes in Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and, finally, Romania. Whilst the argument that the revolutions were contagious is somewhat oversimplifying the intricacies and distinctiveness of the circ umstances which occurred in each of the states, it is still a useful analysis as it emphasises the importance of the spread of ideas and confidence.  [24]  For instance, the successful non-violent overthrow of the communist regime in Poland arguably led to a growth of confidence throughout the Eastern Bloc as a precedent had effectively been established. The effect of such newfound confidence cannot be overestimated, with the contemporary example of the Arab Spring bearing similarities with events in Eastern Europe, for example. Thus, overall, it is clear that the domino effect played a crucial role in all of the countries following the precedent which was established in Poland. However, it is important not to overstate the role of the domino effect; had there not been numerous problems and rising discontent in the states, the revolutions would undoubtedly have been seen as isolated rather than contagious. Furthermore, an additional outside factor which arguably played a key role in the events of 1989 was the attitude and policies pursued by the Soviet leader, Gorbachev. In fact, Brown goes as far as asserting that the revolutions could not have happened without Gorbachev.  [25]  Gorbachevs policy of lessening the Soviet grip on the Eastern Bloc and effectively removing the Soviet rod which had previously reinforced the communist regimes of Eastern Europe arguably had a galvanising effect.  [26]  Not only did it bring together opposition groups and politically-minded youths, but, in Poland and Hungary in particular, it also served to stimulate reformers within the regimes themselves.  [27]  Gorbachevs policy of non-intervention arguably exposed the illegitimacy of the regimes as even their authority was now in question. This was particularly the case in countries, such as Czechoslovakia, where the communist regime did not wish to reform as, if Gorbachev was seen to be corre ct, it effectively validated the attempted rebellion in 1968. Moreover, a further result of Gorbachevs policy was that it increased the evaporation of fear amongst the population, thus explaining the rise in the number and vociferousness of public protest and opposition movements.  [28]  However, whilst Gorbachevs policy had a direct effect on those countries, such as Czechoslovakia and East Germany which had close ties to the Soviet Union, countries, such as Romania were not affected as much due to Romanias remoteness from the Soviet Union. However, despite clear variations in the importance of the role of Gorbachev in contributing to the revolutions, a convincing case can be made to support the assertion that, overall, Gorbachev played a key role. After all, previous attempts at rebellion in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, for example, had been crushed by the Soviet Union. With this threat removed, surely it was only a matter of time before the unpopular regimes fa ced a challenge. Finally, popular protest and organised opposition was arguably the short term catalyst for the events of 1989. The long term factors previously discussed, including regime problems, economic failure and outside influences all combined, thus leading to an increase in opposition. However, despite the significance of popular protest, it is important not to overstate how widespread such protest was; regimes were undermined by the active opposition of a minority, not by the masses.  [29]  For instance, demonstrations were by no means universal, mainly attracting the younger generation who were more akin to western culture and also had less to lose than older generations. Crucially, the role played by protest and organised opposition varies between countries. In Poland, for example, organised opposition was strong in the form of the Solidarity Movement. Moreover, whilst signs of protest in Hungary initially suggest that there was visible opposition to the regime, most of the protests w hich occurred were focussed on non-regime issues, such as ecological problems, for instance.  [30]  In contrast to Poland, Chirot notes how there was little organised opposition in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria except for seemingly isolated intellectuals [who] had no followers.  [31]  What is more, in East Germany there was only a small peace movement, but the regime had never been directly threatened, while in Romania, although there had been a riot in Brasov in 1987, intellectual protest was muted.  [32]  Thus, it is clear that popular protest played a more crucial role in contributing towards the revolutions in countries where the regimes refused to initiate reform or negotiate with opposition. Overall, it is clear that the revolutions in the countries of Eastern Europe all shared the same fundamental causes. What differed, however, was the significance of each factor, thus dispelling the conventional wisdom that a combination of popular protest and the domino effect provides for a definitive understanding of the causes of the revolutions. However, although this essay has offered a discussion of both the common causes of the revolutions as well as national differentiation, it is also important to question why 1989 was the year in which these revolutions took place. Arguably, 1989 proved to be the tipping point following the accumulation of decades of rot in the foundations of the communist system.  [33]  Ultimately, however, Gorbachev proved to be the catalyst, render[ing] the revolutions in Eastern Europe both inevitable and successful.  [34]  After all, the tinder was already there but it needed Gorbachev to light it.  [35]  

Reporn on Marketing Statigy

Introduction Unilever is a multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs nearly 180,000 people and had worldwide revenue of almost â‚ ¬40 billion in 2005. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of UnileverNV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similar to that of Reed Elsevier and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business.The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive, who will retire at the end of 2008. Mr Paul Polman will succeed Patrick Cescau as Group Chief Executive. The company is widely listed on the world’s stock exchanges. 1. 2 Origin of report Since practical orientation is an integral part of the BBA program, I tried to expose real life performance of Uniliver by preparing this   report. To prepare this report I have come across with different information of the Uniliver.From the collected information I understand the company’s activities in the market as Uniliverll as in their internal preparation for marketing and others activities. I expect that this report will fulfill the requirement of BBA program and provide a clear idea about the Uniliver activities and other multi-national company’s effort in the Bangladesh. Thus, Uniliver can get deep understand of actual situation of MN’s company’s activities by analyzing their exposed strategy . 1. 3 Objective This Study is intended to analyze marketing strategies used by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe.The main purpose of the study is to find what strategies the company uses to market its products and brands worldwide; the positive and negative aspects of those strategie s. The report further analyzes the position of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe in the several industries in comparison to its competitors. Specific objective: To know about Uniliver and Uniliver   Bangladesh. To   develop SOWT analysis of   Uniliver Bangladesh. To know about Uniliver’s strategy regarding   product, price,place and promotion. To identify the segmentation,targeting   and positioning strategy used by Uniliver Bangladesh.To develop some recoendation for further improvement in Marketing strategy of Uniliver Bangladesh. 1. 6 Methodology of this report For accessibility and availability of information I have chosen to work on the Marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data. Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sources. The main source of information was the Uniliver’s website.In addition information will be collected from focus group discussion,depth interview and survey. Primary Sources: Face to face conversation with the Uniliver’s   people Customer opinion collection   through survey. Collection of data related with Customer satisfaction through   survey. Miscellaneous   Book Reading. Secondary Sources: Annual Reports of Uniliver Various types of Website Different research report. Different Newspapers, Articles, Journals and Publication. Sample Size: I have collected data from 5 upper level employee through depth interview and 100 Customer for survey.Sampling Technique: In case of survey simple random sampling was used . In case of   depth interview snowball sampling was used. Data analysis: I used   Microsoft excel   to analyze the collected data and get the proper meaning. I   used also graph,picture   to show and analyze the data. For accessibility and availability of informa tion I have chosen to work on the strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data.Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sitces. The main sitsce of information was the Uniliverbsite. In addition information was also collected from focus group discussion. 1. 4 Limitation To conduct this study sheer experiences are needed. But I have lack of those. As like- The Data was not   available   about company. Without practical work experience it was difficult to do work. Confidential information are not exposed   in Bangladesh. It was difficult to gather sufficient information due to limitation of time.It was also difficult to obtain proper information from respondents because of their busy schedule. Lack of   Money After all within time limited it is not possible learn and unders tand all the activities of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MN’s company like Uniliver. Chapter-02 Overview of Uniliver Unilever at a glance Unilever NV Unilever PLC| | Type| Public company (AMS: UNA) (LSE:  ULVR) (NYSE:  UN) (Unilever N. V. ) (NYSE:  UL) (Unilever PLC)| Industry| Conglomerate| Founded| 1930| Headquarters| Unilever House, London, United KingdomRotterdam, Netherlands| Area served| Worldwide| Key people| Michael Treschow Chairman) Lord Simon of Highbury (Vice Chairman) Paul Polman (CEO)| Products| See brands listing| Revenue| â‚ ¬44,262  million (2010)| Operating income| â‚ ¬6,339  million (2010)| Net income| â‚ ¬4,598  million (2010)| Employees| 163,000 (2010)| Uniliverbsite| http://unilever. com| 2. 1 History & Growth Unilever is a British-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever is a dual-listed company con sisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom.This arrangement is similar to those of Reed Elsevier and Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structures. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. Unilever’s main international competitors include Nestle and Procter & Gamble. They also face competition in local markets or product ranges from companies such as Beiersdorf, ConAgra, Danone, General Mills, Henkel, Mars, Inc. Pepsico, Reckitt Benckiser and S. C. Johnson & Son. History Unilever was founded on 1 January 1930 by Antonius Johannes Jurgens, Samuel van den Bergh and William Hulme Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme. The amalgamation of the operations of British soap maker Lever Brothers ,William Hulme Lever and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, Anton Jurgens en Samuel van den Bergh, a merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.The initial harvesting of palm oil was from the British Uniliverst Africa, from where news reports seen back in England shoUniliverd the workers abroad in favorable conditions. In 1911 the company received a concession for 750,000 hectares of forest in Belgian Congo, mostly south of Bandundu, where a system of forced labor operated. The subsidiary of Lever was named â€Å"Huileries du Congo Belge†. During the great depression in the thirties, the Huileries sharply decreased the fee for gathered oil nuts, while the government of Belgian Congo strongly increased taxation.This resulted in social unrest in 1931, which are known as the Revolution of the Pende, in which eventually more than 400 members of the Pende-tribe were killed. In the 1930s the Unilever business grew and new ventures were launched in Afr ica and Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A&W Restaurants’ Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea).In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of Ragu, Pond’s, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances. In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company â€Å"a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market†. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand. Global employment at Unilever 2 000–2008Black represents employment numbers in Europe, light grey represents the Americas and dark grey represents Asia, Africa, and Middle East. Between 2000 and 2008 Unilever reduced global workforce numbers by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Note: Europe figures for 2000–2003 are all Europe; from 2004 figures in black are Western Europe. For 2004–2008 Figures for Asia, Africa and Middle East include Eastern and Central Europe. Source: Unilever Annual Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands.In April 2000 it bought both Ben & Jerry’s and Slim Fast. The company is multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India (see also Hindustan Unilever Limited); and Shanghai in China. The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company.The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City. The company is said to promote sustainability and started a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998. In May 2007 it became the first tea company to commit to sitscing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa, as will as third-party suppliers in Africa and other parts of the world.It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. Unilever’s Lipton brand Covalence, an ethical reputation ranking agency, placed Unilever at the top of its ranking based on positive versus negative news coverage for 2007. In 2007, Unilever’s Dove â€Å"Evolution† video that ran only online, was named the first ever non-tv spot to win the Grand Lion at the Cannes Advertising Festival. And in March, 2008, Unilever was named â€Å"Digital Marketer of the Year† by Advertising Age.In 2008 Unilever was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for â€Å"Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered Through Digital Set Top Boxes† for its program Axe: Boost Yits ESP. On 25 September 2009, Unilever decided to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation: leading brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas strengthened category leadership in Skin Cleansing and Deodorants.On 9 August 2010, Unilever signed an asset purchase agreement with the Norwegian dairy group TINE, to acquire th e activities of Diplom-Is in Denmark, as of 30 September 2010. On 24 September 2010, Unilever announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill. On 27 September 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, the maker of personal care and household products such as Simple, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash for $US3. 7  billion.On 28 September 2010, Unilever and EVGA announced that they have signed an agreement under which Unilever will acquire EVGA’s ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount. On 23 March 2011: Unilever announced that it has entered a binding agreement to sell the global Sanex business to Colgate-Palmolive for â‚ ¬672m. Unilever also announced that it has entered into a binding agreement to acquire Colgate-Palmolive’s laundry detergent brands (Fab, Lavomatic and Vel) in Colombia for US$215m. . 2 History & Growth in Bangladesh perspective Unilever Bangladesh is a company that has its own history intrinsically built with the development of its nation and its culture. It has been part of the Bangladeshi household since the 19th century with the same intention of bringing cleanliness and convenience to households as Uniliver do today. Back then Sunlight soap was marketed through Lever Brothers India limited throughout the undivided India. Later on, Lever Brothers Pakistan limited started its operation in Bangladesh on a larger scale.In 1964, its soap manufacturing facility was setup in Kalurghat, Chittagong. With time it gradually evolved and diversified into manufacturing personal products like skin care creams, toothpastes, shampoos, detergent powders, and so on. Accumulating manufacturing experience over 40 years, Uniliver has a legacy of leading the market with international brands offered at affordable prices. Today, with 13 different brands in 8 different categories, Un ilever Bangladesh stands as one of the most progressive partner in development for the Government of Bangladesh. 964-1972 Productions started off with Sunlight soap and Lifebuoy soap. After the war of independence in 1971, Bangladesh became an independent country. At this time, Lever Brothers Bangladesh Ltd. was constituted with Unilever owning 60. 75% shares and the Government of Bangladesh owning the remaining 39. 25% shares. 1972-1980 Post liberation period evidenced accelerated growth for the company. Demand started rising and the company continued its mission to meet consumer needs by producing quality soaps, introducing Lux – the beauty soap and Wheel.Launched in 1972 Wheel entered the merchandised laundry category, traditionally dominated by cottage soaps. It appealed to the consumers with unique care benefits for hand and fabric, a generic weakness in cottage soaps. It gradually became the secret ally of Bangladeshi women by extending the caring hand to ease her daily laundry chores. 1980-1990 The early eighties witnessed expansion of the company through diversification. Calibrating direction, the mission now included enhancing quality of life through other personal products aspiring aestheticism like sparkling white teeth, fresh breath, beautiful hair, and glowing skin.A Personal Product Plant was established to manufacture shampoo, toothpaste, and skin care creams. Sunsilk Shampoo, Closeup Tooth paste, Fair and Lovely for skin care and Vim for dish washing was produced and marketed to bring great international and regional formulations to Bangladeshi households at affordable prices. 1989 heralded the beginning of a fairy tale story – the initiation of LUX photogenic contest that brought the real life experience of glamits, fame and fortune to the doorsteps of young girls throughout the country. 1990-1998 In the early 90? Unilever Bangladesh entered the tea-based beverage market introducing Lipton Taaza, Lever’s flagship packet te a brand, with the objective to be the most preferred tea of the Bangladeshi consumers. World renowned Pond’s cream and Pepsodent – the dental hygiene expert began to be manufactured from its Kalurghat factory. Washing drudgeries of the busy homemakers were washed away with the introduction of Wheel washing powder and Surf Excel for premium wash. In 1996-1997, its manufacturing facility owned and run by a third party was set up outside Dhaka for wheel washing powder.With formulations suitable for local conditions, the washing powder concept brought about a huge revolution in fabric washing habits in the country. 1998-2004 These are the golden years in the history of Unilever Bangladesh as the company turned around from severe losses due to competitive backlash – to a company with 6 years of consecutive growth. Around the end of November 2001, its new personal products factory â€Å"Sankalp† in Kalurghat started production which helped us meet the market ne eds from a shift on its dependence on soaps to diverse personal grooming categories.This is also the era when Unilever Bangladesh introduced many exciting new products such as Pond’s face wash to end soap related facial skin woes or Lipton double chamber tea bags for more zest in its tea cups and the markets responded enthusiastically. In 2001, Uniliver brought about a new excitement in the kitchen care sector with the introduction of Vim bar, the dish cleaning soap – a concept of convenience and common household habits combined together. In 2002 Rexona deodorant entered the market building in awareness about body odits problems and creating a new personal grooming habit in the country.The company’s soap formulations changed radically during this time to bring in world class standards – without any price rises. Lifebuoy, the health brand has moved from just the hard-working men’s soap to reminding one, of the bond of love that binds a family in a h ealthy circle, free of germs and sickness. In 2004, as a new variant, bringing in the goodness of Neem – an Ayurvedic medical marvel, Lifebuoy has reinstated its earnest endeavits to be ahead of consumer’s needs. In the span of these six years, Uniliver gathered many accolades (link to awards page) to certify its fast paced move towards world class performance.Unilever Bangladesh had a jitney towards adding new impetus to its trade marketing and today its products are available in 90% of the households in Bangladesh. In a company wide move to come out from behind the great brands and be known as Unilever worldwide, Lever Brothers Bangladesh limited officially changed its name to Unilever Bangladesh in December 2004. 2. 2. 1 Unilever Bangladesh (core information) Over the last fits decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world-class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life.Over 90% of the country’s househo lds use one or more of its products. Unilever Bangladesh is a Fast Moving Consumer Goods company with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results. Constitution Unilever – 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh – 39. 25% Product categories Household Care, Fabric Cleaning, Skin Cleansing, Skin Care, Oral Care, Hair Care, Personal Grooming, Tea based Beverages. Unilever Bangladesh Brands Wheel, Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond’s, Close Up, Sunsilk, Taaza, Pepsodent, Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, Rexona, Axe, Dove, & Vaseline.Manufacturing facilities The Company has a Soap Manufacturing factory and a Personal Products Factory located in Chittagong. Besides these, there is a tea packaging operation in Chittagong and three manufacturing units in Dhaka, which are owned and run by third parties exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh. 2. 2. 2 Key Dates: 1872: Two Dutch firms, Jurgens and Van den Bergh, beg in commercial production of margarine. 1885: William Hesketh Lever establishes soap factory in Warrington, marking the beginnings of Lever Brothers. 1908: Jurgens and Van den Bergh pool their interests. 914: Lever begins producing margarine at the request of the British government. 1927: Jurgens and Van den Bergh create dual-structured Margarine Union Limited and Margarine Unie N. V. 1929: Margarine Union/Margarine Unie merges with Lever Brothers to create Unilever, with dual Anglo-Dutch structure. 1930: Special committee is established as a board of directors over the British and Dutch Unilever holding companies. 1937: Reorganization equalizes the assets of the Dutch and the British groups of Unilever; Thomas J. Lipton Company, U. S. manufacturer of tea, is acquired. 944: The U. S. toothpaste brand Pepsodent is acquired. 1957: Company acquires U. K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye. 1961:U. S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor is acquired. 1984: Buying spree begins that will last unti l 1988 and result in about 80 companies being acquired; Brooke Bond, the leading European tea company, is acquired through hostile takeover. 1986: Company acquires Chesebrough-Pond’s, its largest purchase to date. 1989: The acquisition of three companies, including Faberge Inc. , makes the company a major player in the world perfume and cosmetics industry. 994: The launch of a new laundry detergent in Europe turns into a public relations disaster when tests reveal that it can damage clothes under certain conditions. 1996: Fundamental management reorganization is launched, including the replacing of the special committee with a seven-member executive committee. 1997: Specialty chemicals operations are sold to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. 1999: Company announces that it will eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally poUniliverrful brands. 2. Corporate Objective The purpose of Unilever is to meet the everyday ne eds of people—everywhere anticipate the aspirations of company’s consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life. Company’s deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are its unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for company’s future growth. The Unilivr will bring it’s wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers–a truly multi-local multinational.Company’s long term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. Uniliver believe that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards its employees, consumers and the societies and world in which it exist. This is Unilever’s road to sustainable, profitable growth for its bus iness and long-term value creation for Uniliver shareholders and employees. 2. 4 Vision, Mission & Goals VisionUnilever products touch the lives of over 2 billion people every day – whether that’s through feeling great because they’ve got shiny hair and a brilliant smile, keeping their homes fresh and clean, or by enjoying a great cup of tea, satisfying meal or healthy snack. The fits pillars of Uniliver vision set out the long term direction for the company – where its want to go and how it is going to get there: It work to create a better future every day It help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others.It will inspire people to take small everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world. It will develop new ways of doing business with the aim of doubling the size of its company while reducing its environmental impact. Uniliver has always believed in the po wer of its brands to improve the quality of people’s lives and in doing the right thing. As its business grows, so do its responsibilities. Uniliver recognize that global challenges such as climate change concern us all.Considering the wider impact of its actions is embedded in its values and is a fundamental part of who it is. Mission Uniliver mission is to add Vitality to life. It meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. In the last five years, it has built its business by focusing on its brands, streamlining how Uniliver work, and improving its insight into the evolving needs and tastes of consumers. Now Uniliver are taking the next step in simplification – by aligning its selves around a clear common mission.Uniliver recognize that the world in which Uniliver operate is changing. Consumers are increasingly bringing their views as citizens into their buying decisions, dem anding more from the companies behind the brands. They want companies and brands they trust. Unilever embraces these new expectations. Its heritage of good governance, product quality and long experience of working with communities gives us a strong base. Uniliver aim to build on this by taking the next step in transparency and accountability.It will stand visibly as Unilever, behind its products and everything Uniliver do, everywhere. Every day 150 million people in over 150 countries choose its products. Already, most of its brands give the benefits of feeling good, looking good and getting more out of life. Bertolli, for example, conjures up the Italian zest for life and Becel/Flora keeps hearts healthy. Sunsilk helps you feel happier because yits hair looks great. Its laundry brand, Omo, encitsages children to get dirty so they can experience more of life.In the future, its brands will do even more to add vitality to life. Its vitality mission will focus its brands on meeting co nsumer needs arising from the biggest issues around the world today – ageing populations, urbanizations, changing diets and lifestyles. Uniliver see growing consumer need for: a healthy lifestyle more variety, quality, taste and enjoyment time, as an increasingly precious commodity Helping people to feel good, look good and get more out of life will enable us to meet these needs and expand its business. Unilever is in a unique osition to understand the interrelationships between nutrition, hygiene and personal care. Uniliver can do this thanks to its strong science capability and its locally rooted consumer insight. It is by bringing all this together that Uniliver can strive to contribute to quality of life and wellbeing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ adding vitality to life. The long-term success of its business is intimately interconnected with the vitality of the environment and the communities in which Uniliver operate. The environment provides us with its raw materials and the ingredients Uniliver need to make its products.Healthy, prosperous communities provide us with a healthy, growing consumer base Goals Unilever Unveils 50 Sustainability  Goals 50 specific goals that include social and health-related targets under the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan released today. It expanded on a commitment made last year to double sales while reducing overall environmental impact. The new plan gets far more specific. And progress on this â€Å"social mission† is now part of every Unilever initiative launch plan alongside sales and profit targets, Mr. Lewis said, president of Uniliver America.Unilever isn’t the only company to recently step up environmental goals, but its targets are more ambitious than many, maybe even most. Procter & Gamble Co. also announced bigger sustainability goals for 2020 in September, targeting, among other things, a 20% reduction in packaging per consumer use, but Unilever’s goal is for an absolute reduction of 33%. Pledge t o use sustainable sits Unilever is pledging to sits all of its agricultural raw materials from sustainable sits by 2020 and half by 2015. That could drive up costs, but it is manageable by Uniliver.One of Unilever’s more ambitious targets is to expand its PureIt water-filtration brand, launched in India in 2004, to elsewhere in Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to have such systems provide safe drinking water to 500 million globally by 2020 — a population bigger than South America’s current 385 million or nearly half of India’s current 1. 1 billion. The company’s new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan,† developed over the cites of the last 12 months, and unveiled around the globe today, focuses on Unilever’s entire supply chain, from the farms that supply raw materials for its products to the emissions and waste generated y customer use of those products. Among the targets Unilever has set: †¢ Since 100 percent of ag ricultural raw materials sustainable by 2015, including 100 percent sustainable palm oil. Unilever buys 3 percent of the world’s annual supply of palm oil. †¢ Change the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America to help reduce diarrhea — the word’s second biggest cause of infant mortality. Unilever will push sales of its Lifebuoy soap brand and teach consumers when to wash their hands to achieve this aim. Make drinking water safer in developing countries by extending sales of its PureIt home water purifier. †¢ Improve standards of living by working with agencies such as Oxfam and the Rainforest Alliance to link 500,000 smallholders and small-scale distributors to the Unilever supply chain. According to The Guardian:†[Unilever] also intends to improve the nutritional quality of its food products — with cuts in salt, saturated fats, sugar and calories — and link more than 500,000 small holder farmers and sma ll scale distributors in developing countries to its supply chain. The Sustainable Living Plan sets out over 50 social, economic and environmental targets. It will see Unilever, whose global brands include Dove, Omo, Knorr and Lipton, halve the greenhouse gas emissions, water and waste used not just by the company in its direct operations, but also by its suppliers and consumers. Over two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions and half the water used in Unilever products’ lifecycle come from consumer use, so this is a major commitment on an unprecedented scale.Other key goals Unilever plans to achieve by or before 2020 include: 100% of its agricultural raw materials sustainable including, by 2015, 100% sustainable palm oil; Changing the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America so that they wash their hands with Lifebuoy soap at key times during the day – helping to reduce diarrhea disease, the world’s second biggest cause of infant mortal ity; Making safe drinking water available to half a billion people by extending sales of its low-cost in-home water purifier, PureIt, from India to other countries; Improving livelihoods in developing countries by working with Oxfam, Rainforest Alliance and others to link over 500,000 smallholder farmers and small-scale distributors into its supply chain. Paul Polman (group chief executive) emphasized that Unilever did not have all the answer were and that the ompany would need to work in partnership with customers, suppliers, governments and NGOs if it was to achieve its goals. 2. 6 Volume growth ahead of Uniliver markets Table-01 Underlying volume growth: Financial Year|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growth|    2008|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0. 1%| 2009|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. 3%| 2010|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  5. 8%| Underlying volume growth accele rated in 2010 to 5. 8%, the best that Unilever has achieved for more than 30 years. Uniliver set out two years ago to reignite its volume growth and to grow ahead of its markets. That is what Uniliver are starting to do; its volume shares are up in all regions and in most categories. Volume growth was broad based.In its emerging markets business Uniliver grew volumes by around 10% over the year as a whole, with the key businesses of China, India and Turkey all delivering growth well into double digits. Only in Central and Eastern Europe did Uniliver see more subdued growth, although even here volumes were comfortably up in difficult markets. In the developed world, where growth has been very hard to achieve over the recent past, its volumes were also up by around 2%, again ahead of the market, in both Western Europe and North America. Uniliver gained volume share in all regions, with particularly strong performance in key emerging markets such as China, Indonesia, South Africa and A rgentina. Uniliver stern Europe also saw strong volume share gains, led by the Netherlands, France and Italy.Volume shares were also up in most of its core categories, with deodorants, skin cleansing, household care, ice cream and dressings all achieving notable gains during the year. Steady improvement in margin Underlying Operating Margin for the year increased by 20 basis points. It was another year of the steady and sustainable improvement that Uniliver have been targeting. Cost saving programmes again delivered strongly, with â‚ ¬1. 4 billion of savings in the year following a similar amount in 2009. Much of the success in savings came in the supply chain, and as a result gross margin, at constant currency, improved for the year despite negative underlying price growth and modestly higher commodity costs. Positive mix and improved volume leverage also contributed positively to gross margin.At the same time as increasing underlying operating margin Uniliver also increased sub stantially the advertising and promotions investment put behind its brands – at constant currency the increase was more than â‚ ¬300 million or 30 basis points in the year. This came after an even bigger increase in 2009, meaning an additional â‚ ¬700 million behind the building of its brand equities over the last two years. Aside from the gross margin increase, the key driver of margin improvement was a reduction in indirect costs, with the organization now leaner and a new discipline exerted in all areas of the cost base. Healthy cash delivery Working capital reduced as a percentage of turnovers and has now been negative for over 12 months. The cash conversion cycle improved by 17 days, from 20 days in 2009 to just three in 2010.Uniliver are close to best in class in its management of payables and receivables, but in inventories Uniliver still see scope for further improvement. This strong performance in working capital management was reflected in free cash flow, whic h was again healthy at â‚ ¬3. 4 billion. Over the last two years its combined free cash flow of â‚ ¬7. 4 billion represents around 90% of net profit. This is robust performance, particularly at a time when Uniliver are investing heavily in the future growth of the business in areas such as capital expenditure, as it build new capacity to support its rapid volume growth in emerging markets. The â‚ ¬0. 7 billion reduction versus 2009 reflected a smaller inflow from working capital in 2010, following the exceptional benefit of â‚ ¬1. 7 billion taken in 2009. 2. Corporate image Unilever claims that corporate social responsibility is at the heart of its business. However Uniliver, the transition to a responsible and sustainable company is ongoing and it has attracted a variety of criticisms from political, environmental and human rights activists on not achieving the high aims it communicates on a number of topics. 2. 8. 1 Environmental issues Unilever’s stated goals a re to decouple growth from the company’s environmental impact by halving the environmental footprint of its products helping 1  billion people improve their health and well-being since all of its agricultural raw materials sustainably Palm oilUnilever has been criticized by Greenpeace for causing deforestation, Unilever was targeted in 2008 by Greenpeace UK, which criticized the company for buying palm oil from suppliers that are damaging Indonesia’s rainforests. Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), responded by publicizing its plan to obtain all of its palm oil from sitsces that are certified as sustainable by 2015. In Cote d’Ivoire, one of Unilever’s palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations, an activity that threatened a primate species, Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus. Unilever intervened to halt the clearances pending the results of an environmental assessment.On 4 July 2010, Uni lever announced that it has secured enough GreenPalm certificates of sustainable palm oil to cover the requirements of its European, Australia, and New Zealand business. GreenPalm is a certificate trading programme, endorsed by the RSPO, which is designed to tackle the environmental and social problems created by the production of palm oil. Rainforest Alliance Unilever has committed to purchase all its tea from sustainable, ethical sitsces. It has asked the international environmental NGO, Rainforest Alliance, to start by certifying tea farms in Africa. Lipton and PG Tips will be the first brands to contain certified tea. The company aims to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010 and all Lipton tea bags sold globally by 2015. Animal testingUnilever states it is committed to the elimination of animal testing, and where it is a legal requirement in some countries, it tries to convince the local authorities to change the law. Some act ivistsargue that this is little more than an effort to gain good publicity and Unilever continue to use animal experimentation such as the LD50 poisoning test. 2. 8. 2 Social issues Race and advertisements Hindustan Unilever, had been showing television advertisements for skin-lightening cream, Fair and Lovely, depicting depressed, dark-skinned women, who had been ignored by employers and men, suddenly finding new boyfriends and glamorous careers after the cream had lightened their skin.The Austrian branch of Unilever (Eskimo) is producing and marketing an ice-cream under the name Mohr im Hemd. â€Å"Mohr† (moor), is a colonial German word for African or black people, has a heavily colonialist and racist connotation, â€Å"Mohr im Hemd† (moor in the shirt) is a traditional Austrian chocolate specialty which refers to naked, â€Å"wild† Africans. Unilever refutes any racist intentions and claims that it has tested the name in broad market studies in Austria witho ut any critical feedback. Sexism in advertisements The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood criticized Unilever for the 2007 Axe marketing campaign, which they considered sexist. Unilever’s response is that the Axe campaign is intended as a spoof and â€Å"not meant to be taken literally†.Unilever has launched the Dove â€Å"Real Beauty† marketing campaign, which envisaged women to reject the underfed and hyper-sexualized images of modern advertising in 2007. Child labor In 2003 Hindustan Unilever was accused of making use of child labor, among others. 2. 9 Organizational Structure Billion-Euro brands Brands with annual sales of one billion euros or more: Axe/Lynx Blue Band Dove Flora/Becel Heartbrand Hellman’s Knorr Liptons Lux (soap) Omo/Surf (detergent) Rexona/Sure Sunsilk TIGI (haircare) Heartbrand The Heartbrand logo accompanying various brands of Unilever ice creams. Unilever is the world’s biggest ice cream manufacturer, with an annual t urnover of â‚ ¬5 billion.Except for the USA brand names Popsicle, Klondike, Ocean Spray ice cream, Slim Fast ice cream, Breyers, Starbucks and Ben & Jerry’s; all of its ice cream business is done under the â€Å"Heartbrand† brand umbrella, so called because of its heart-shaped logo. Unilever currently operates eleven ice cream factories in Europe; the biggest include factories at Heppenheim in Germany, Caivano in Italy, St. Dizier in France, Gloucester in the United Kingdom and Santa Iria da Azoia in Portugal. The Heartbrand was launched in 1998 (and slightly modified in 2003) as an effort to increase international brand awareness and promote cross-border synergies in manufacturing and marketing (â€Å"centralization†).It is present in more than 40 countries. Although the logo is common worldwide, each country retained the local brand so as to keep the familiarity built over the years, one notable exception being Hungary where the previous Eskimo brand was re placed with Algida in 2003. In 2005, Glidat Strauss received special permission from Unilever to export their brand of ice cream to the United States because of the strict kosher certification the products in Israel have. Under terms of the agreement, Strauss ice cream and krembo may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. It is distributed in North America by Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman’s Dairy.Prior to the heart logo, each country could choose its own logo, although the most common one consisted of a blue circle with the local brand’s name over a background of red and white stripes; second most common old logo, used by Wall’s in the UK and other countries, was a yellow logo with Wall’s in blue text. Unilever generally manufactures the same ice-cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice-creams include Carte D’Or, Cornetto, Magnum, Solero and Viennetta. Food and beverages Ades or Adez — soya-based drinks Alsa — desserts and syrups Amora — French mayonnaise and dressings Amino — dehydrated soup (Poland) Annapurna — salt and wheat flits (India) Bakers Joy – Non stick baking spray Becel — also known as Flora/Promise; health-aware: margarine, spreads, cooking oil, milk, ermented milk Ben & Jerry’s — ice cream Best Foods — mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, peanut butter and salad dressings Bertolli — pasta sauces (ambient/chilled & frozen) and margarine BiFi — sausage-based snacks (Germany) Blue Band — family-aware: margarine, bread, cream alternatives Bovril — beef extract Breyers — ice cream Brooke Bond — tea Bru — instant coffee (India) Brummel & Brown — margarine Bushells — tea (Australia, New Zealand) Calve — sauces, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, peanut butter Chicken Tonight – Unilivert sau ces range Choysa – Tea, marketed mainly in Australia and New Zealand Conimex — Asian spices (Netherlands) Colman’s — mustard,condiments, packet sauces & OK Fruity Sauce Continental — side dishes Country Crock — margarine Delma — margarine (Poland) Du Darfst (Germany) Elmlea — Pitsable artificial cream available in different varieties (UK) Fanacoa — Mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup (Argentina) Findus — frozen foods (Italy, UK, Scandinavia) Flora — margarine, light butter, jams Fruco — ketchup, mayonnaise and condiments Fudgsicle Gallo — olive oil Heartbrand — ice cream (umbrella logo) Hellmann’s — mayonnaise I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter — margarine spread Imperial Margarine — margarine Jif Lemon & Lime Juice Kasia — margarine (Poland) Kecap Bango — soya sauce in Indonesia Kissan — Ketchups Squashes and Jams (India and Pakistan ) Klondike — Ice cream sandwiches Knorr (Knorr-Suiza in Argentina) — sauces, stock cubes, ready-meals, meal kits, ready-soups, frozen food range| Lady’s Choice — mayonnaise, peanut butter and sandwich spreads (Philippines, Malaysia) Lan-Choo — tea (Australia/New Zealand) Lao Cai Seasoning Lipton — tea Lipton Ice Tea — ready-to-drink tea (partnership with PepsiCo) Lizano Sauce (Salsa Lizano) — Costa Rican condiment Lyons’ — tea (Ireland) Maille — French mustard Maizena — corn starch Marmite — yeast extract spread (except in Australia and New Zealand, called Its Mate) McCollins — tea (Peru) Mrs Dash – Seasonings range Molly McButter Mrs.Filbert’s — margarine (USA) Paddle pop — Ice cream (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia [incorporated with Wall's]) Pfanni — Bavarian potato mixesPeperami — Sausage snacks PG Tips — tea (UK) Phase — cookin g oil Planta — margarine Popsicle — Frozen treats Pot Noodle — cup noodles Promise — Becel/Flora Ragu — pasta sauces Rama — margarine Royal — pastas (Philippines) Royco — stock cubes, non-MSG stock (only in Indonesia) Red Rose Tea — tea (Canada) Sana — Margarine (Turkey) Saga — tea (Poland) Sariwangi — tea (Indonesia) Scottish Blend — tea Skippy — peanut butter Slim†¢Fast — diet products Sugar Twin Sunce (Sun) — Mayonnaise (Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro) brand now discontinued, Sunce factory now produces Uniliver brand Knor Mayonnaise Stork margarine Streets (ice cream) (Australia/New Zealand) Tortex — ketchup (Poland) Turun sinappi — mustard (Finland/SUniliverden) Unilever Food Solutions — professional markets (food service) Unox — soups, smoked sausages Vaqueiro — cooking margarine, cooking oil Wall’s ice cream Wish-Bone salad dressing| Partial list of national brands variants of the HeartbrandAlgida — Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Republic Of Macedonia, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Latvia, Lithuania Bresler — Chile Cargills — Sri Lanka Eskimo — Austria Frigo — Spain Frisko — Denmark GB Glace — SUniliverden, Finland Glidat Strauss — Israel, USA Good Humor — USA, Canada, China HB — Ireland Helados La Fuente — Colombia — China Holanda — Mexico, Central America| Kibon — Brazil Kwality Wall’s — India Langnese — Germany Lusso — Switzerland Miko — France Ola — Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembitsg, South Africa Ola — Portugal Pinguino — Ecuador Selecta — Philippines Streets — Australia, New Zealand (slogan ‘Nothing Beats Streets’) Tio Rico — Venezu ela Wall’s — United Kingdom (Great Britain), Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand and other parts of Asia Wall’s HB — United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)|   Home and personal care brandsAla — laundry detergent (Argentina) Andrelon Axe — deodorant, shoUniliverr gel, bodyspray (Lynx in the UK, Ireland and Australasia) Ayush (India) Badedas — ShoUniliverr gels Baba (East Europe) Biotex — laundry detergent Brilhante — laundry detergent (Brazil) Brisk-Hair Styling products for men (Southeast Asia,North America,All Regions,All Variants:Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook,Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook Extra Strong,Brisk Shampoo 2 in 1 For Men,Brisk Hairstyling Cream Antidandruff,Brisk Hair Cream) Brut — cologne, aftershave Brylcreem — hair styling products for men Caress — soap Cif — cleaning Clear — anti-dandruff shampoo and conditioner(China, Southeast Asia, Romania, P akistan, Poland, Hungary) Close-Up — toothpaste Coccolino — softener (Poland, Hungary, Romania) Comfort Consort – Men hair care Cream Silk — conditioner (Philippines) Degree — deodorant Dimension Domestos — bleach (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Spain, Germany, Italy, Israel, France, Turkey, Australia) Dove — skin, hair, and deodorant Dusch Das — shoUniliverr gels Fair and Lovely — skin lightening product (available in India and Malaysia) FDS – Skin care range Finesse — shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2006 to Lornamead Brands, Inc. Gessy (Brazil)— soaps Glorix (Netherlands) Good Morning — soap (Egypt) Impulse — deodorant ; body spray Just for me – Kids hair range Lever 2000 — soap Lifebuoy — soap (Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Australia) Clinic — dandruff shampoo Lynx — deodorant, men’s Lysofor m — home care (Italy) Lux — women’s soap, shoUniliverr gel, and lotions (Caress in the United States) Matey — children’s bubble bath Minerva — laundry and dishwasher detergents (Brazil) Mist — soap (Egypt) Motions – Hair care Neutral — laundry detergent Nexxus – Salon Hair care Noxzema – Skin care range Omo (South America) — laundry detergent Origins| Pears Transparent Soap Pepsodent — dental (outside of the United States) Persil (IE/UK/FR/NZ) Pond’s (Outside of the United Kingdom and United States) Prodent — toothpaste Quix — dishwashing liquid (Chile) Q-Tips — cotton swabs Radox — ShoUniliverr gels and Bubble Bath Range Rexona — deodorant Rinso Robijn — softener Salon Selectives – shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2010 to CLT International) Sedal (known in Brazil as Seda) shampoo and conditioner Signal Simple— Skin/ body care rang e SR — toothpaste with sodium ricinoleate Skip — laundry detergent Static Guard Suave Sun — dishwasher Sunlight Sunsilk (Sedal in Latin America, Seda in Brazil) — shampoo and conditioner Sure Surf — laundry detergent Soft ; Beautiful – Hair Care products St Ives – Hand ; body care Swan (defunct) TBC – Hair care range Thermasilk — shampoo and conditioner TIGI — shampoo and conditioner for hair salons Tholl – skin cure Timotei — shampoo and conditioner Tony ; Guy – Hair care range TRESemme – Hair care range Vaseline body lotion, shoUniliverr gel, deodorant (Vasenol in Portugal, Brazil, Italy, India, Spain and Mexico) Vibrance — shampoo and conditioner Vim (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) Vitapointe — Conditioner (UK/IE) Vinolia — soap (Brazil) Viso — laundry detergent (Vietnam and Indonesia) White Beauty — skin lightening cream Williams — men’ s care VO5 – Hair care/ Styling Xedex Zendium — toothpaste Zhonghua — toothpaste Zwitsal — Baby care range| 2. 9. 1 Principal Operating Units: Africa; Central Asia ; Middle East; China; East Asia Pacific; Latin America; DiverseyLever; Food ; Beverages–Europe; Ice Cream ; Frozen Foods–Europe; Home ; Personal Care–Europe; Central ; Eastern Europe; Foods–North America; Home ; Personal Care–North America . CHAPTER 3 STRATEGY AND MARKETING SWOT analysis Strength:Unilever  Ã‚   is one of the world largest Company. Company has advanced technology and well skilled professionals. Product is highly qualified. The target people are the whole people. Company totally owned, systematic distribution network, transparent communication system. Participative management style. Weakness Competitors has strong promotional activities. Customers are offered better alternatives by the competition. Advertisement flaws. Devotion of product. Pro duct’s quality looses its values. Poor Promotion of free sample. No Unique identification of product. Opportunities Population expanding at a rapid rate. Consumers are becoming more quality conscious.Current capacity utilization ; 0% which can be bather broadened with the increased in demand. Customer base is increasing with effective marketing. Baby shampoo is another area uniliver can make huge gains. Shampoo plus conditioner and anti dandruff shampoos are another area where unilver can earnhvge profits. Pural areas are a large prospective market where they can introduce. Threat Political and economic factors. Partial government Policies. High rate of competition. Local and foreign competition. 4. 9. 1 Top Uniliver competitors: Company| Location| Proctor ; Gamble| Cincinnati, OH| Kraft foods| Northfield, IL| Nestle| Vevey, Switzerland| 4. 9. Market share: | Uniliver|   P ; G| Kraft| Nestle| Top segment| C/G foods| Consumer care| Food| Food| Top brand| Dove| Tide| Mac ; ch eese| Kitkat| CEO| A. Burgmans| A. G. Lefely| R. Deromedi| P. Letmathe| Stock per share| $66. 03| $53. 76| $30. 70| $66. 90| Growth| 15. 55%| 9. 25%| 8. 2%| 11. 23%| Revenues| $42. 942m| $28. 2bl| $31. 010m| $69. 00bl| Revenues growth| -11. 39%| 19%| 4. 3%| -1. 93%| International| 100+| 42| 150+| 86| Business segment| 3| 5| 5| 6| Employees| 234000| 110000| 10600| 253000| (Sitsce: Hoovers Business Intelligence Guide) 4. 9. 3 Principal Competitors: Alberto-Culver Company; Amway Corporation; Avon Products, Inc. Beiersdorf AG; Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. ; Bestfoods; Campbell Soup Company; The Clorox Company; The Coca-Cola Company; Colgate-Palmolive Company; ConAgra, Inc. ; Dairy Farmers of America; Groupe Danone; Del Monte Foods Company; The Dial Corporation; The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. ; The Gillette Company; Hormel Foods Corporation; Johnson ; Johnson; Kraft Foods, Inc. ; L’Oreal; LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA; Mars, Inc. ; Nabisco Holdings Corp. ; Nestle S. A. ; The Pillsbury Company; The Procter ; Gamble Company; Reckitt ; Colman plc; Revlon, Inc. ; Sara Lee Corporation; S. C. Johnson ; Son, Inc. ; Shiseido Company, Limited; Unigate PLC. 4. 10 AdvertisingA freezer in Queens, NY filled with Strauss ice cream from Israel with the Heartbrand Unilever has produced many advertising campaigns, including: Lynx/Axe click advert with Nick Lachey (US only) and Ben Affleck (Non-US only) PG Tips Monkey and Al Knorr Chicken Tonight, ‘I feel like chicken tonight’ Knorr Chinese Soup, ‘Just add one egg! ’ Flora London Marathon Knorr global brand Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, including Evolution Calve Pindakaas (peanut butter) in the Netherlands Comfort Pure recommended by mothercare Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Rain Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Nicole Scherzinger Clear Soft and Shiny shampoo and conditioner with the actress Sandra Dewi 4. 11. 1 Outlook and risks OutlookMarket conditions for its business were challenging in 2010 and Uniliver do not anticipate this changing significantly in 2011. Economic pressures are expected to continue to weigh heavily on consumer spending, particularly in developed markets where the combined impact of austerity measures and high unemployment is likely to constrain disposable incomes. Emerging market growth should continue to be robust, although even here Uniliver expect to see a modest slowdown. The most difficult environment is likely to be in Western Europe, where higher taxes, lower public expenditure and potentially rising interest rates mean that, for the short term at least, growth will be limited.In these conditions, consumer confidence is not expected to rise significantly in the year ahead and the search for value by the consumer will continue unabated. A further source of volatility in the year ahead is the return of inflationary pressure, particularly in respect of key commodity cost s. Uniliver anticipate significant commodity cost inflation for at least the first half of 2011. If current trends continue then this inflationary pressure will extend also into the second half and beyond. In this environment Uniliver expect prices to rise, albeit at a lower rate than costs as competitors seek to protect market positions and offset higher commodity costs with savings elsewhere. The competitive environment for its business is likely to remain intense in 2011.Its key competitors, both global and local, will be eager to rebuild market share in many of its markets and categories, and will design their activity plans accordingly. Uniliver expect continued high levels of competitive challenge to its many category leadership positions. Some of this will be price-based, as in 2010, but Uniliver also expect strong innovation-based competition backed by wide-ranging brand support. With the improvements Uniliver have been making to its business Uniliver are well prepared for t hese challenges. Faced with these challenges Uniliver will continue to focus on its long term strategic priorities of driving volume growth ahead of its markets whilst providing a steady improvement in underlying operating margin and strong cash flow.Uniliver are well placed, with an impressive presence in emerging markets, more than 75% of its business in either category leadership or number two positions, a portfolio of strong brands, an increasingly effective innovation programme and a dynamic new performance culture. These give us confidence that Unilever is fit to compete, whatever the circumstances. Principal risk factors Risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to vary from those described in forward-looking statements made within this document, or could impact on its ability to meet its targets or be detrimental to its profitability or reputation. The risks that Uniliver regard as the most relevant to its business are identified below.Uniliver have also commented o n certain mitigating actions that Uniliver believe help us manage such risks; however, Uniliver may not be successful in deploying some or all of these mitigating actions. 4. 11. 2 Where Uniliver will win Brands and innovation are at the heart of its business model. Uniliver aim to offer a broad portfolio those appeals to consumers with different needs and budgets. Unilever brands must also offer product quality that is recognized as superior by its consumers and supported by excellent marketing. Meanwhile, its innovation programme is focused on being ‘bigger, better, faster’. This means leveraging technology to create bigger, better innovation platforms that are then rolled out faster to multiple markets.Its ambition is to win share and grow volume profitably across its categories and countries – and Uniliver believe it has the tools in place to do so. Uniliver have a portfolio fit for growth, with strong brands and many leading category positions. Geographicall y, its outstanding presence in the emerging markets leaves us well positioned to win where much of the future growth will be. Yet, Uniliver is also determined to grow in the developed world, which represents around half of its business and where the bulk of the world’s wealth will remain for many years to come. The biggest opportunity for Unilever and its customer’s lies in growing the size of its categories, which Uniliver will strive to achieve through innovation and market development.Uniliver will further enhance and broaden its relationship with customers – working together on areas of mutual benefit such as consumer research, shopper behavior and merchandising. To sustain winning customer relationships and to enable growth, Uniliver will also need to be consistently brilliant at customer service and in-store execution. Uniliver will aim to reinforce its continuous improvement philosophy by further developing a customer and consumer-led, agile value chain. Its focus will be in three areas. Uniliver will prioritise speed and flexibility in the supply chain to deliver growth. Secondly Uniliver will Leverage its global network capabilities and scale more aggressively.Finally Uniliver will work to get a better return on its advertising and promotional expenditure – one of its most significant areas of cost. It is vital that Uniliver have the talent and organization in place to match its growth ambition. Across the business, Uniliver are therefore looking ahead at what it needs to achieve, and aim to equip itself with the necessary people, skills and capabilities to get there. Uniliver also know that engagement and a culture based on living its values are essential for keeping the best people. Uniliver believe its operating framework allows us to balance scale and global expertise to develop successful products with the local consumer intimacy needed to market and sell them. 4. 11. 3 How Uniliver will win Strategy With confidence in its ability to grow Uniliver launched a renewed, bold vision for the company – to double its size while improving its environmental footprint. With its portfolio of brands, presence in emerging markets and long-standing commitment to shared value creation, Uniliver believe yits company is well placed to deliver on this ambition. † Strategies are: a. Winning with brands and innovation b. Growth priorities c. Winning in the market place d. Winning through continuous improvement e. Winning with people a. Winning with brands and innovation Superior products Its aim is to give people a great experience when they use its brands – better than the competition.Uniliver are investing in improving product quality and making stronger functional claims. Uniliver are also focusing on design, packaging, marketing and advertising, in order to get its brand benefits across more persuasively. Take Knorr Stockpot bouillon. Using a unique jelly technology that delivers homemade tas te and quality, this product is helping people create a special meal at home instead of eating out. Widespread appeal Product superiority is essential, but Uniliver also need to offer a broad range of choice which meets differing consumer needs and price points wherever Uniliver operate. Brands and innovation are at the heart of everything Uniliver do.Uniliver develop its products to keep pace with changes in consumer lifestyles and to appeal to people at all income levels. Success means getting bigger and better innovations into the market faster, supported by the very best marketing. In the UK, understanding that consumers are looking for value without compromising on quality, and recognizing the importance of fragrance in communicating a product’s benefits, Uniliver developed a range of liquid concentrates for Surf detergent with added essential oils, resulting in 29% growth. In Russia, despite a severe economic recession, Uniliver achieved growth of more than 20% in its t ea sales by offering choice across multiple price points with three distinctive brands –Lipton, Brooke Bond and Beseda. And in India, here water quality remains a major concern, the breakthrough technology of PureIt, its in-home purification system, is providing safe and affordable drinking water with complete protection from the water-borne germs that cause diseases. In 2009, Pureit provided safe drinking water for more than 15 million people in 3 million households in India. b. Growth priorities Bigger, better, faster innovations Successful innovation is based on deep consumer insight. The balance Uniliver seek to achieve is to marry global strength in R;D with local knowledge of people’s habits, tastes and behaviors. To grow at the rate Uniliver want to, its focus investment on products that can work globally rather than on launches in just a few countries.Uniliver have also doubled the number of big projects Uniliver are working on. Uniliver are already seeing resu lts. Uniliver have rolled out Axe Dark Temptation deodorant to 56 markets, Lipton Pyramid fruit tea bags to 38 markets and Clear shampoo to 35 markets. For a product to work at a global level, it needs to address unmet needs with superior technology and a clear consumer concept. R;D must deliver breakthrough science in areas that really matter to consumers, with products that do what they claim. Success on this scale requires strict priorities and big ideas. Within R;D, part of prioritizing is getting the balance right between the short and the long term.With an eye to its future growth plans, during 2009 Uniliver developed a more robust process for fuelling its longer-term innovation pipeline. Called the Genesis Programme, it spans its foods and home and personal care categories